![]() Discrete facial movements were identified and described in terms of the underlying muscle contractions, in correspondence with previous FACS systems. We developed FACS for the domestic horse ( Equus caballus) through anatomical investigation of the underlying musculature and subsequent analysis of naturally occurring behaviour captured on high quality video. Consequently, FACS can be applied as a tool for a wide range of research questions. FACS are anatomically based and document all possible facial movements rather than a configuration of movements associated with a particular situation. Facial Action Coding Systems (FACS) provide a systematic methodology of identifying and coding facial expressions on the basis of underlying facial musculature and muscle movement. This is essential for an objective description of horse facial expressions across a range of contexts that reflect different emotional states. pain, until now there has been no methodology available that documents all the possible facial movements of the horse and provides a way to record all potential facial configurations. Although previous studies of horses have investigated their facial expressions in specific contexts, e.g. ![]()
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